NGOs reported instances of not receiving the written authorization in time to hold planned meetings. organized as annexes. Amnesty International maintained an office and actively reported on human rights issues, but it did not receive official authorization to operate from the Ministry of Interior. 1902, because of border adjustments in desert areas. Algeria, the second-largest state in Africa, has a Mediterranean coastline of about 998 kilometers (620 mi.). Domestic violence remains a society-wide problem. Organizations wishing to initiate regular publications must obtain authorization from the government. On August 12, about 30 members of the Mouwatana movement held a sit-in in Algiers to denounce the fifth term of President Bouteflika. 1902-12-24: Parts of the military territories - the cercles marked with an asterisk (*) above, with minor During the year a womens advocacy group, Wassila Network, received 200 cases of domestic violence. Some terrorist groups remained active in the country, including al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and an ISIS affiliate, Jund al-Khilafah. )-5.1% (2020 est. G. & C. Merriam Co., Springfield, MA, 1957. The DGSNs human rights office, created in July 2017, reported that it was leading seminars and workshops with the National Human Rights Council to provide additional human rights training to its officers. While this legal mechanism exists, the high demand for employment in the country gave an advantage to employers seeking to exploit employees. The boundaries of subdivisions have changed, although the names may have stayed the same. International Child Abductions: The country is not a party to the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. The government may restrict strikes on a number of grounds, including economic crisis, obstruction of public services, or the possibility of subversive actions. into the entities shown in this table (dep = department, div = division, arr = arrondissement, sub = subdivision). Married women under 18 may not travel abroad without permission from their husbands, but married women older than 18 may do so. 1870-10-24: By decree No. ), 18.52 births/1,000 population (2022 est. )services: 47.4% (2017 est. The government maintained two regional womens shelters and was building three additional shelters. 1955-08-07: Bne department formed by taking the eastern arrondissements of Constantine department: Bne A coalition of Islamic and secular opposition parties boycotted the election, describing it as a masquerade and asserting that President Bouteflika was unfit to run due to his health. The constitution grants the president authority to appoint all prosecutors and judges. Algeria, officially known as the Peoples Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign North Africa nation along the Mediterranean coast. The lower fertility rate was mainly the result of women's rising age at first marriage (virtually all Algerian children being born in wedlock) and to a lesser extent the wider use of contraceptives. He was charged with sharing intelligence with a foreign power.. Elections for the lower chamber of parliament were held in May 2017 and did not result in significant changes in the composition of the government. Note: total area has changed since The 89 organizations were given formal notices to abide by the law. According to a 2018 report by the IOM, Algeria has expelled 35,600 Nigeriens to Niger since 2014more than 12,000 in 2018as well as more than 8,000 migrants from other African countries. Of the daily printed publications, the ministry stated six were state-operated. According to the NGO Reporters without Borders, private advertising existed but frequently came from businesses with close links to the ruling political party. Their names were Alger (English: Algiers), wilaya). The countrys Jewish population numbered fewer than 200 persons. Most trials are public, except when the judge determines the proceedings to be a threat to public order or morals. The penal code guarantees defendants the right to free interpretation as necessary. The government did not adequately enforce the law, since discrimination reportedly existed, specifically against migrant workers in the informal economy who lacked a legal means to address unfair working conditions. The court appearance of suspects in terrorism cases is public. The DGAPR maintained different categories of prisons that separated prisoners according to the lengths of their sentences. There were no reports that the government or its agents committed arbitrary or unlawful killings. The government took steps to investigate, prosecute, or punish public officials who committed violations. Child Abuse: Child abuse was illegal but was a serious problem. The law does not differentiate between girls and boys in registration of birth. Touggourt. )investment in fixed capital: 38.1% (2017 est. Labor standards do not protect economic migrants from sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere working in the country without legal immigration status, which made them vulnerable to exploitation. NGOs reported that judges gave harsher sentences to LGBTI persons. ), municipal: 3.6 billion cubic meters (2017 est. According to the Ministry of Interior, in September there were 70 registered political parties. Women faced discrimination in employment. The government supported the countrys Network for the Defense of Childrens Rights (NADA). Unions may recruit members at the workplace. equivalence between arrondissements and subdivisions. Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons, a. split from Sada; Relizane split from Mostaganem; Souk Ahras split from Guelma; Tindouf split from Bchar; Tipaza These observers, among others, pointed to the law as a significant source of arbitrary arrests intended to suppress political activism. Algeria has the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas in the world - including the 3rd-largest reserves of shale gas - and is the 6th-largest gas exporter. While the government tolerated their operations in the past, the Ministry of Communication said in 2016 it would limit the number of private satellite channels to 13 and foreign-based unaccredited television outlets would be shut down. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association, d. Freedom of Movement, Internally Displaced Persons, Protection of Refugees, and Stateless Persons, Section 3. Status of Government Respect for Religious In the 2000s, a wave of educated Algerians went abroad seeking skilled jobs in a wider range of destinations, increasing their presence in North America and Spain. The Polisario (through the Sahrawi Red Crescent Society), UNHCR, WFP, UNICEF, and partner NGOs provided basic services including food aid, primary health care, and primary and secondary education, while the government invested heavily in developing the camps infrastructure and also provided free secondary and university educations, as well as advanced hospital care, to Sahrawi refugees. There was no evidence of any pattern of discrimination toward asylum applicants, but the lack of a formal asylum system made this difficult to assess. Also note that diacritical marks may be different, depending on the method of transliteration used. )geothermal: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. )other: 81.8% (2018 est. Oxford University Press, New York, 1951. Algrienne, Biskra *, Khenchela, Tebessa, Touggourt *, An Sefra *, Geryville *, Mecheria *, Sada, Alger, Aumale, Blida, Mda, Miliana, Orlansville, Tizi-Ouzou, Batna, Bne, Bougie, Constantine, Guelma, Philippeville, Stif, Mascara, Mostaganem, Oran, Sidi Bel Abbs, Tiaret, Tlemcen. Arabic al-Jazairiya from capital city Algiers, which comes from Arabic al-jaza`ir: the islands, for four The administrative division into departments and territories was based on French practice. Importers of books covering the national movement and the Algerian Revolution must submit the entire text of the books for review, including a secondary review by the Ministry of the Moudjahidine (veterans of the Revolution). It requires national-level civil organizations to apply to the Ministry of Interior for permission to operate. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 352,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. Local and international NGOs asserted that police impunity was a problem. 2018 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Algeria, An official website of the United States Government. Women suffered from discrimination in inheritance claims and were entitled to a smaller portion of an estate than male children or a deceased husbands brothers. FIPS 10-4 Change Notice 12, dated 2007-06-11, showed the new provinces. These shelters assisted with approximately 220 cases of violence against women during the year. The judiciary was not impartial and was perceived by some observers to be subject to influence and corruption. CGATA membership included workers from unions representing government administrators, diplomatic personnel, state electricity and gas employees, university professors, public transport and postal workers, and lawyers. Prescribed penalties under this statute range from three to 20 years imprisonment, which were sufficiently stringent and commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape. For the year the Ministry for National Solidarity, Family, and Women, reported that there were 1,127 logged cases of violence against women. By law, the age for consensual sex is 16. Official websites use .gov. The military territory was divided into three The National Human Rights Committee (CNDH) said the government had dedicated $12 million to ensure the human rights of migrants during repatriation operations (to include accommodation, food, clothing, health care, medicines, and transportation). The law prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities, although the government did not always effectively enforce these provisions. The ministry has 30 days to review the importation application; in the absence of a response after 30 days, the importer may proceed with distribution of the publication. [4] The American Oxford Atlas. Employees who worked longer than the standard workweek received premium pay on a sliding scale from time-and-a-half to double time, depending on whether the overtime occurred on a normal workday, a weekend, or a holiday. Defamation is not a crime but carries a fine ranging from 100,000 Algerian dinars (DZD) to DZD 500,000 ($850 to $4,252). administration, the country was divided into dpartements (departments), which were subdivided into arrondissements, 1980: Name of El Asnam department and its capital changed to Ech Chliff, later spelled Chlef. Hydrocarbon exports enabled Algeria to maintain macroeconomic stability, amass large foreign currency reserves, and maintain low external debt while global oil prices were high. 1960-12-03: Six new arrondissements created in Oasis department; two new arrondissements created in Saoura department. According to the ministry, there were 14 accredited foreign press agencies reported during the year. The law requires parties to ensure that at least 30 percent of the candidates on their electoral lists are women. There were no reports of disappearances by or on behalf of government authorities. The Wassila Network described situations in which a victim went to police to report a domestic violence incident and family members convince the victim to forgive the aggressor, resulting in no charges to the aggressor. Sexual Harassment: The punishment for sexual harassment is one to two years imprisonment and a fine of DZD 50,000 to DZD 100,000 ($425 to $850); the punishment doubles for a second offense. The law affirms the religiously based practice of allowing a man to marry as many as four wives. In February the Ministry for National Solidarity, Family, and Women and UN Women launched an administrative database, named AMANE, to collect information on violence against women. Foreign observers characterized the elections as largely peaceful but pointed to low voter turnout and a high rate of ballot invalidity. According to Belhouchet, the government has a monopoly on advertising that it uses to punish those who criticize the government and thus, weakens freedom of expression. Once registered, organizations must inform the government of their activities, funding sources, and personnel, including notification of personnel changes. Due to this law, after the legislative elections of 2012, women held approximately 32 percent of seats (146 out of 462) in the National Peoples Congress. The Ministry of Justice said the agency was subject to all existing judicial controls that apply to law enforcement agencies. The law states that a person claiming domestic abuse must visit a forensic physician for an examination to document injuries and that the physician must determine that the injuries suffered incapacitated the victim for 15 days. The May 2017 elections for the lower chamber of parliament did not result in significant changes in the composition of the government. Sexual Exploitation of Children: The law prohibits solicitation for prostitution and stipulates prison sentences of between 10 and 20 years when the offense is committed against a minor under age 18. The law also stipulates the collection of resources from contributions by the partys members, donations, and revenue from its activities, in addition to possible state funding. It changes the spelling of one province from Sahrawi refugees lived predominantly in five camps near the city of Tindouf, administered by the Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro (Polisario). Religious workers reported that they had access to prisoners during the year and authorities allowed detainees access to religious observance. Strong social stigma towards the vulnerable groups in which HIV/AIDS was most concentratedcommercial sex workers, men who have sexual relations with men, and drug usersdeterred testing of these groups. Unions have the right to form and join federations or confederations, and the government recognized four confederations. The governments actions included harassment of some critics; arbitrary enforcement of vaguely worded laws; informal pressure on publishers, editors, advertisers, and journalists; and control of an estimated 20 percent of the countrys advertising money and printing capabilities. However, about a decade after independence from France in 1962, the total fertility rate fell dramatically from 7 children per woman in the 1970s to about 2.4 in 2000, slowing Algeria's population growth rate by the late 1980s. [2] Masson, Jean-Louis. He declared, with considerable accuracy, that Algeria was not a French province but an Arab country, a European colony, and a French camp. This attitude aroused certain hopes among Algerians, but they were destroyed by the emperors downfall in 1870. With lower oil prices since 2014, Algerias foreign exchange reserves have declined by more than half and its oil stabilization fund has decreased from about $20 billion at the end of 2013 to about $7 billion in 2017, which is the statutory minimum. ), electrification - total population: 99.4% (2019)electrification - urban areas: 99.6% (2019)electrification - rural areas: 97% (2019), installed generating capacity: 21.694 million kW (2020 est. Update 15 to the GEC, the successor to the FIPS standard, is dated 2014-03-31. )1% (2019 est. The DGAPR has no legal protections for LGBTI persons in prison arguing that civil protections extend to all people regardless of gender orientation. Internet users regularly exercised their right to free expression and association online, including through online forums, social media, and email. the ANP has played a large role in the countrys politics since independence in 1962, including coups in 1965 and 1991; it was a key backer of BOUTEFLIKAs election in ), $11,000 (2021 est. To found a union, an applicant must be Algerian by birth or have held Algerian nationality for 10 years. Furthermore, all public demonstrations, including protests and strikes, must receive prior government authorization. Furthermore, the government restricted union activities and the formation of independent unions in certain critical public services sectors, such as oil and gas and telecommunications. Academic seminars generally occurred with limited governmental interference. NGOs reported instances in which unaccompanied migrant female youth were exploited as domestic workers and were known to be loaned out to families for extended periods to work in homes or exploited as prostitutes. Pretrial Detention: Prolonged pretrial detention remained a problem. )-$16.954 billion (2019 est.). In most cases, the NGOs continued to hold their meetings and police came to the hotels to end the gatherings. In the years following independence, low-skilled Algerian workers and Algerians who had supported the French (known as Harkis) emigrated en masse to France. The law permits unions to affiliate with international labor bodies and develop relations with foreign labor groups. School administrators must allow migrant and refugee children to enroll in primary school through high school and require only that they present their passport and documentation showing their level of schooling from their home country. The law prohibits pretrial detention for crimes with maximum punishments of less than three years imprisonment, except for infractions that resulted in deaths or to persons considered a threat to public order. In these cases, the law limits pretrial detention to one month. The subdivisions were to the Women did not often have exclusive control over assets that they brought to a marriage or that they earned. Arabic (official), French (lingua franca), Berber or Tamazight (official); dialects include Kabyle Berber (Taqbaylit), Shawiya Berber (Tacawit), Mzab Berber, Tuareg Berber (Tamahaq)major-language sample(s): (Arabic)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. In September 2017 Algerian National Front party leader Moussa Touati stated that his party paid bribes in order to secure its single seat in parliament. After Frances defeat in the Franco-German War, settlers felt they could finally gain more land. ), improved: urban: 98.3% of populationrural: 91.3% of populationtotal: 96.5% of populationunimproved: urban: 1.7% of populationrural: 8.7% of populationtotal: 3.5% of population (2020 est. There is no single office charged with this task, but all labor inspectors are responsible for enforcing laws regarding child labor. Nongovernmental observers believed pretrial detainees comprised a significant portion of the total detainee and prisoner population but did not have specific statistics. An Defla split from Chlef; An Tmouchent split from Sidi Bel Abbs; Bordj Bou Arrridj split from Stif; A national committee is responsible for monitoring and publishing an annual report on the rights of children. According to the law, associations that apply for accreditation are entitled to receive a response within two months for national organizations, 45 days for interregional-level associations, 40 days for province-level associations, and 30 days for communal organizations. Corruption: The criminal code stipulates that only the board of directors of the institution concerned may initiate charges related to theft, embezzlement, or loss of public and private funds against senior, public sector economic managers. Critics of the law asserted that by permitting only senior officials of state businesses to initiate investigations, the law protects high-level government corruption and promotes impunity. note: data are in current year dollars$54.259 billion (2019 est. An annex was the area dominated by a fort, and was part of a cercle. According to the Ministry of Justice, approximately 12 percent of the prison population was in pretrial detention. 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