He sailed to Ireland with over 1,500 German mercenaries. She told her father she had managed to buy only two dresses since she came to England from Spain six years earlier. However, this ended in failure when he was given sanctuary by a group of Breton noblemen in Brittany. According to James A. Williamson, Simnel was merely a figurehead for a rebellion that was already being planned by the Yorkists: He was merely a commonplace tool to be used for important ends, and the attempt to overthrow Henry VII would have taken place had Simnel never existed. He died some time after 1534. (39)Catherine of Aragon arrived in England on 2nd October 1501. Elizabeth of York was placed in the London household of his mother, Margaret Beaufort. A parliament was convened, coins were struck, and proclamations issued in his name, and an expedition was organized for the invasion of England, which landed on the coast of Lancashire, 4th June 1487, and advanced into Yorkshire. Not knowing how many of the nobles supported Lincoln, Henry pardoned known rebels such as Thomas Broughton. Simnel was later given the post of kings falconer in recognition of how well he had worked. This was a good deal for Henry. He presented to the world a genial, smiling countenance, yet beneath it he was suspicious, devious and parsimonious. He sailed to Ireland with over 1,500 German mercenaries. (34)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-leader-1','ezslot_15',560,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-leader-1-0');The Treaty of Medina del Campo was signed on 27th March 1489. You can follow John Simkin on Twitter, Google+ & Facebook or subscribe to our monthly newsletter. Nearly every summer they were hit by epidemics of the Plague or Sweating Sickness which killed many of the population and improved the standard of living of the survivors, as the shortage of tenants and agricultural labourers kept rents low and wages high. (10). A compilation of primary source documents for American history sorted by year. Let it be hastened, that the love conceived between us and the wished-for joys may reap their proper fruit." He had grown to manhood in an environment of treachery and intrigue, and as a result never knew security." Lincoln and Thomas FitzGerald were killed. "Exactly what part he played in the conspiracy, and in its betrayal to the king on 3 August, is hard to establish, but Henry and his council resolved to punish all the principal participants." Once the marriage was officially completed, some years might pass before the appropriate moment was judged to have arrived. Arthur was in poor health and according to William Thomas, Groom of his Privy Chamber, he had been over-exerting himself. On 5 June 1487, Simnel's armymainly Flemish and Irish troopslanded on Piel Island in the Furness area of Lancashire and were joined by some English supporters. Imprisoned in the Tower, he was hanged as a commoner on 23 November 1499. It was not until 27th September, that the winds died down and Catherine was able to leave Laredo on the Castilian coast. [1], Simnel was born around 1477. He then marched into Leicester and then, slowly, onwards to London. For example, many people refer to these sources to gain information, knowledge and a general idea about the time. (23) Jasper Ridley claims that this shows that "Henry VII was not a vindictive man, and his style of government was quiet and efficient, never using more cruelty or deceit than was necessary. He proclaimed himself Richard III and imprisoned the Princes in the Tower, where, almost certainly, he had them murdered.Henry Tudor, as the head of the House of Lancaster, now had a claim to become king. On 3rd September he entered the capital in triumph. Encouraged, the pretender made several landings in England with small armies in the 1490s. When he captured Lambert Simnel, the young tradesman's son who led the first revolt against him and was crowned King of England in Dublin, he did not put him to death, but employed him as a servant in his household. (56)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-netboard-2','ezslot_25',705,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-netboard-2-0');Richard Empson, Henry VII and Edmund Dudley (c. 1500)Roger Lockyer has argued that "Empson was the only prominent member of Henry's Council to come from a bourgeois background - his father was a person of some importance in the town of Towcester - and the idea that Henry VII surrounded himself with 'middle-class men' is very misleading. Richard sent an order to Lord Thomas Stanley and Sir William Stanley, two of the most powerful men in England, to bring their 6,000 soldiers to fight for the king. According to his biographer, Michael J. Bennett: "Simnel. As a result, several people in England were arrested and executed. The subsequent expedition of Sir Richard Edgecomb to Ireland was for the purpose of bringing back to their allegiance the lords of the Pale, who for many months after the fall of Simnel cherished plans of revolt. At this time, England and Wales had a combined population of only two and a half million, compared to the seven and a half million of Castile and Aragon, and the fifteen million of France. It relates the circumstances under which the great exodus to the New World began, the trials and tribulations faced by these tough American pioneers and the enduring influence they came to exert on the politics, education and religion of the country. The only part of France still held by the English was the Marches of Calais, a strip of territory around the town of Calais. He was also described as having an "unhealthy" skin colour. In 1487 King Ferdinand agreed to send ambassadors to England to discuss political and economic relations. Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? England and Germany to the belly, the one in liquor, the other in meat; France a little beneath the belly; Italy to vanity and pleasures devised; and let an English belly have a further advancement, and nothing can stay it." In August 1485, Henry arrived in Wales with 2,000 of his supporters. Alison Weir has argued that his childhood experiences had encouraged him to feel insecure and suspicious. The link was not copied. Henry VII had won the throne by conquest. But all these virtues were obscured in later life by greed. The real Warwick was a boy of about the same age, having been born in 1475, and had a claim to the throne as the son of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, King Edward IV's executed brother. According to Francis Bacon: "The Cornish, being ill-armed and ill-led and without horse or artillery, were with no great difficulty cut in pieces and put to flight." Her party included the Count and Countess de Cabra, a chamberlain, Juan de Diero, Catherine's chaplain, Alessandro Geraldini, three bishops and a host of ladies, gentlemen and servants. (45) Almost thirty years later Catherine deposed, under the seal of the confessional, that they had shared a bed for no more than seven nights, and that she had remained "as intact and incorrupt as when she emerged from her mother's womb". In the 1972 BBC serial The Shadow of the Tower, Simnel was portrayed by Gary Warren. She became pregnant again and a daughter, Katherine was born prematurely on 2nd February 1503. He wished to be remote and incalculable; he wished to be more feared than loved. Warbeck was at various times supported by the French, the Irish, the Scots and the Habsburgs. He fled to Burgundy, where Warwick's aunt Margaret of York, the Dowager Duchess of Burgundy, kept her court. He told him of his startling looks, including his strong athletic limbs "of a gigantic size" was already beginning to arouse the admiration of the Royal Court. The second largest city in England, Norwich, had 13,000 inhabitants; but Bristol and Newcastle were the only other towns with more than 10,000. He was baptized on 24th September in Winchester Cathedral and named after the famous British hero whose fabulous exploits fill the pages of Geoffrey of Monmouth. On 27th March 1502, Arthur fell seriously ill. Based on the description of symptoms by his servants, he appeared to have been suffering from a bronchial or pulmonary condition, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis or some virulent form of influenza. King Henry was informed of this and began to gather troops. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. (3), It is believed that John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, nephew of the Yorkist kings, was the leader of the conspiracy. Henry enthusiastically "showed off his nineteen-month-old son, first dressed in cloth of gold and then stripped naked, so they could see he had no deformity." (41)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-leader-4','ezslot_18',701,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-leader-4-0');Arthur and Catherine married on 14th November 1501, at St Paul's Cathedral in London. The royal army of 12,000 set up camp 10 miles (16km) away. Simnel, Lambert Omissions? if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_18',116,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_19',116,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historylearningsite_co_uk-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1'); .large-mobile-banner-1-multi-116{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;min-width:300px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}. He seems to have been consumptive, and had grown weaker since the wedding. With a loyal squadron of his household, he swept through to Henry's immediate bodyguard, striking down his standard-bearer. Who knows what could have happened if the pretenders to the crown had succeeded. A large number of the rebels were killed. Roderigo de Puebla told Ferdinand: "There is no finer youth in the world than the Prince of Wales". There were a number of people who claimed, after Richard had died, to be one of the Princes in the Tower, the most famous being Perkin Warbeck, who fought Henry VII for the throne. Henry had an unusual approach to what was potentially a serious problem. While in Wales, Henry also persuaded many skillful longbowmen to join him in his fight against Richard. Simnel, according to one account, was incarcerated in the Tower of London; according to another, Henry employed him as a turnspit in the royal kitchen, and afterwards made him master of the falcons. From: We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. David Starkey has suggested he might have been suffering from testicular cancer. He had grown to manhood in an environment of treachery and intrigue, and as a result never knew security." When he grew older, he became a falconer. The book is also available in Kindle. Lambert Simnel was born in about 1476. (7), The regents of the young King Charles VIII saw the advantage of supporting Henry Tudor against Richard III and provided him with money, ships, and men to seek the crown. (36)Catherine of Aragon by Juan de Flandes (1496)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-leader-2','ezslot_16',700,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-leader-2-0');In August 1497, Catherine and Arthur were formally betrothed at the ancient palace of Woodstock. Alison Weir has argued that Arthur was suffering from consumption: "There was concern about the Prince's delicate health. The Yorkist leaders were determined on a serious push, rising of their party in England supported by as great a force as possible from overseas.[2]. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. King Richard received many mortal wounds and like a spirited and most courageous prince, fell in battle on the field and not in flight. (14), Francis Bacon has suggested that Henry's "aversion toward the house of York was so predominant in him as it found place not only in his wars and councils, but in his chamber and bed". Was Queen Catherine Howard guilty of treason? Henry collected a large force, and the armies met on 16th June at Stoke, near Newark-on-Trent, where an engagement was fought. "On the morning of 16th June the rebels crossed the Trent upstream from Newark and positioned themselves on the hillside overlooking the road from Nottingham. [10] He seems to have married, as he is probably the father of Richard Simnel, a canon of St Osyth's Priory in Essex during the reign of Henry VIII.[11]. Henry VII constantly feared an invasion from his powerful neighbour. His account of the journey provides invaluable eyewitness testimony to the trauma and tragedy that many emigrants had to face en route to their new lives in Canada and America. If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like, The Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon. On June 4th, 1487, Lincoln and his army landed at Furness in Lancashire. At this moment his horse died under him. (54) Christopher Morris, the author of The Tudors (1955) has suggested that Dudley was the king's most "unpopular and unscrupulous minister". Lincoln went to Burgundy, where Margaret of York, the aunt of the real Earl of Warwick, was staying. (38), Catherine left the port of Corunna on 20th July 1501. Margaret was married to Charles the Bold and was the sister of Edward IV and Richard III. Henry VIII: Catherine of Aragon or Anne Boleyn? Classroom lessons activities with primary sources and student questions and answers. Primary sources are very important records which throw light on the age, life, culture, history, philosophy, society and the patterns of living It can be studied and read to gain important information about any age. For the first time since the 11th century the realm did not include one French province. Bacon commented: "The less blood he drew, the more he took of treasure." It was also agreed that the marriage would take place as soon as Henry completed his fifteenth year. AS/A2. (21). Warbeck managed to escape but he was soon recaptured and on 18th June, 1499, he was sent to the Tower of London for life. Forced to flee, Warbeck was welcomed by James IV of Scotland. That night, when Arthur lifted Catherine's veil he discovered a girl with "a fair complexion, rich reddish-gold hair that fell below hip-level, and blue-eyes". Historians and Novelists on Thomas Cromwell, Francis Walsingham - Codes & Codebreaking, Hans Holbein's Art and Religious Propaganda. After he was seen wearing silk clothes, some Cork citizens honored him as a member of the Royal House of York. Simon spread a rumour that Warwick had actually escaped from the Tower and was under his guardianship. The confession of Warbeck reveals that he was born in 1474 to John Osbeck, the comptroller of the city of Tournai in Belgium, and Katherine de Faro. He had gaunt, aquiline features, with thinning, greying hair and grey eyes. (20)It is believed that John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, nephew of the Yorkist kings, was the leader of the conspiracy. These are admirable and invaluable qualities for a political leader in troubled times." (61), King Ferdinand feared that Catherine would not be allowed to marry Henry, who was growing into a handsome prince. This again failed and, forced to flee with only 120 men remaining, Warbeck made one last, desperate landing in Cornwall in England. A Net Inceptions project. In 1496 Warbeck and James IV crossed into England. The sea-crossing was terrible: a violent storm blew up in the Bay of Biscay, and the ship was tossed about for several days in rough seas and the captain was forced to return to Spain. Henry VII was an extremely clever man, possibly the cleverest man who ever sat on the English throne. Lambert Simnel (c. 14751535) impostor and claimant to the English throne Quick Reference ( c. 1475- c. 1535). The parliament which met on 7th November asserted the legitimacy of Henry's title and annulled the instrument embodying Richard III's title to the throne. (56), Roger Lockyer has argued that "Empson was the only prominent member of Henry's Council to come from a bourgeois background - his father was a person of some importance in the town of Towcester - and the idea that Henry VII surrounded himself with 'middle-class men' is very misleading. On 24 May 1487, Simnel was crowned in Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin as "King Edward VI" but this regnal number was written later when the official story had taken hold. By the time Henry Tudor reached England the size of his army had grown to 5,000 men. Henry's army, probably twice the size of Pole's, headed north from London. Henry could not complain as Arthur, now aged fifteen, was very small and undeveloped and was "half a head shorter" than Catherine. He gained some support from Yorkists. He argued that once the pretender to the throne was dead, his army would have no reason to go on fighting. Lovell went missing and was rumoured to have escaped to Scotland with Sir Thomas Broughton and hidden to avoid retribution. Simon undertook his training courtly manners and etiquette to complete his disguise, spreading the rumor that he had sheltered the Earl after his escape from prison. Lord Kildare collected an army of Irish soldiers under the command of his younger brother, Thomas FitzGerald of Laccagh. Henry was therefore prepared for the pretender, forewarned of events and bolstered by the lack of English support for Simnel. (30). The invasion was disastrous as Warbeck failed to find the hoped-for public support in England. He was born around 1477, making him around 10 years old at the time of the rebellion. "In an age when marriages were frequently contracted for reasons of state between children or those hovering between childhood and adolescence, more care rather than less was taken over the timing of consummation. The four armies now made up the four sides of a square.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_8',136,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_9',136,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0_1');.banner-1-multi-136{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}, Without the support of the Stanley brothers, Richard looked certain to be defeated. Lincoln was a senior nobleman and he had to be dealt with. Christopher Morris, the author of The Tudors (1955) has argued: "Henry VII was an extremely clever man, possibly the cleverest man who ever sat on the English throne. Henry's genius was mainly a genius for cautious manoeuvre, for exact timing, for delicate negotiation, for weighing up an opponent or a subordinate, and not least, a genius for organisation. He could not afford to be generous without seeming to be weak. In 1485 Richard III, the last Plantagenet king of England, was defeated and killed on the battlefield, with Henry Tudor claiming the throne to become Henry VII. Influenza Encyclopedia - University of Michigan - Rich collection of primary source documents, images, and narratives that detail the impact of the American influenza epidemic of 1918-1919 on 50 cities in the United States. (59)Catherine was allocated Durham House in London. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). Contemporary sources claim that "she was also on the plump side - but then a pleasant roundness in youth was considered to be desirable at this period, a pointer to future fertility". Lambert Simnel was ten years of age and a nonentity when he was crowned Edward VI of England at Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin, Ireland on May 24 th, 1487. The nobles who supported the pretender were executed after show trials in 1495. (18), In February 1487 Lambert Simnel appeared in Dublin and claimed to be Edward, earl of Warwick, son and heir of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Edward IV, and the last surviving male of the House of York. Hans Holbein and Henry VIII (Answer Commentary), Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves (Answer Commentary), Was Queen Catherine Howard guilty of treason? 1517 May Day Riots: How do historians know what happened? For the king it was all or nothing. Ferdinand's motivation was that Spanish merchants wishing to reach the Netherlands, needed the protection of English ports if France was barred to them. According to his biographer, Michael J. Bennett: "Simnel was born probably in Oxford, the son of Thomas Simnel, a carpenter, organ maker, or cobbler. (44)If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like Reddit. According to his diehard Yorkist promoters, however, the boy was actually Edward, Earl of Warwick, son of Edward IV's brother the Duke of Clarence and thus the rightful heir to the throne of England, usurped by Henry VII after the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. In 2006 Steeleye Span's album Bloody Men included a song, The Story of the Scullion King, about Simnel. In the initial stages Lincolns force held the upper hand as the German soldiers who were with Schwarz proved effective. Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. In 1491 Warbeck travelled to Ireland and John Atwater, the ex-Mayor of Cork, supported him. According to his biographer, Michael J. Bennett: "Simnel. And in the tumultuous times following the death of a king, sometimes the pretenders would aim even at the very top. (26) However, on 20th November 1495 he went to see King James IV of Scotland in Stirling Castle. , aquiline features, with thinning, greying hair and grey eyes 's album Bloody men included song! Royal House of York, the more he took of treasure. times ''. Result, several people in England were arrested and executed, onwards to London was,... Scotland in Stirling Castle of Cork, supported him October 1501 what was potentially a problem! 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